Dietary Bacillus velezensis S141 enhances immunity and resistance to Aeromonas veronii in Nile tilapia: insights from early transcriptomic and functional analyses

Multifunctional probiotics offer a promising strategy for sustainable aquaculture. This study evaluated Bacillus velezensis S141 by integrating in vitro and in vivo approaches to assess its effects on growth and immune responses in Nile tilapia. The strain produced hydrolytic enzymes (amylase, protease, and lipase),…