Feed containing heat-killed lactic acid bacteria as a single species or multispecies combination improves feeding, defense, and stress in coho salmon

There are few reports examining the effects of simultaneous administration of multiple killed lactic acid bacteria with different physiological properties to fish. In this study, we fed three heat-sterilized lactic acid bacteria, Lactobacillus delbrueckii (Lac-b-d), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (Leu-m), and Lactococcus…